Regulation of Gene Expression

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes, such as transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes. The process of gene expression is used by all including multicellular organisms, bacteria and archaea, and utilized by viruses to generate the macromolecular machinery for life. Gene expression is the most fundamental level at which the genotype gives rise to the phenotype, i.e. observable trait. The genetic code stored in DNA is "interpreted" by gene expression, and the properties of the expression give rise to the organism's phenotype. Such phenotypes are often expressed by the synthesis of proteins that control the organism's shape and  enzymes catalysing specific metabolic pathways characterising the organism. Regulation of gene expression is thus critical to an organism's development. Regulation of gene expression refers to the control of the amount and timing of appearance of the functional product of a gene. Control of expression is vital to allow a cell to produce the gene products it needs when it needs them; in turn, this gives cells the flexibility to adapt to a variable environment, external signals, damage to the cell, etc. The importance of  gene expression  are: Control of insulin expression so it gives a signal for blood glucose regulation. X chromosome inactivation in female mammals to prevent an "overdose" of the genes it contains. Cyclin expression levels control progression through the eukaryotic cell cycle. Gene regulation gives the cell control over all structure and function, and is the basis for cellular differentiation, morphogenesis and the versatility and adaptability of any organism.

  • RNA splicing

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